Algae are plants with the simplest organization. Many of them are single-celled and some types of algae don’t even have a cell wall.
Strucural Components of Algae Cell walls:
Xylanes
Alginic Acid
Calcium
Mannanes
Cellulose
Function of the Cell Wall
Structural and Mechanical support.
Maintain and determine cell shape.
resist internal turgor pressure of cell.
control rate and direction of growth.
ultimately responsible for plant architecture and form.
regulate diffusion of material through the apoplast.
carbohydrate storage
protect against pathogens, dehydration, and other environmental factors.
source of biologically active signaling molecules.
cell-cell interactions.
Research Done with (Bio fuel, bio diesel, biomass)
Biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or to produce bio fuel, but also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers,chemicals, or heat. Secondary walls may help to reduce our dependence on petroleum, as they account for the bulk of renewable biomass that can be converted to fuel. Plant cell walls contain long chains of sugars (polysaccharides) that can be converted to transportation fuels such as ethanol, through fermentation of these sugars. Significant challenges for efficient conversion are presented by both the large number of enzymes required to hydrolyze diverse sugar linkages and the physical inaccessibility of these compounds to enzymes because other cell-wall components are present.
US Department of Energy's Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research Program
University of California
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Abstract
Rubin gathers genomic information from across the biosphere, including potential energy crops and microorganisms able to break down biomass, which will be vital for improving the prospects of significant cellulosic biofuel production. Lignocellulosic biomass in the form of plant materials (for example, grasses, wood and crop residues) that offers the possibility of a renewable, geographically distributed and relatively greenhouse-gas-favorable source of sugars that can be converted to ethanol and other liquid fuels. Calculations of the productivity of lignocellulosic feed stocks, in part based on their ability to grow on marginal agricultural land, indicates that they can probably have a large impact on transportation needs without significantly compromising the land needed for food crop production. Bio diesel is derived from oil-producing plants and microbes. Oil-producing algae are also under active study as an alternative source for bio diesel production. One of the major advantages of algae is their growth in liquid, negating the issue of potential competition between food and energy crops for land use.
William Cravens
Structure of Plant Cell Walls
Strata or Layers
The Middle Lamella
The middle lamella is full or or rich in pectins. This outermost layer forms the interface between adjacent plant cells and glues them together.
Primary Cell Wall
The primary cell wall is generally a thin, flexible and extensible layer formed while the cell is growing.
Components of primary cell wall:
· Cellulose
· Hemicellulose
· Pectin
· Cutin and Wax
Secondary Layer
Components of the Secondary Layer
Lignin
Algae cell Walls
Algae are plants with the simplest organization. Many of them are single-celled and some types of algae don’t even have a cell wall.
Strucural Components of Algae Cell walls:
Xylanes
Alginic Acid
Calcium
Mannanes
Cellulose
Function of the Cell Wall
Structural and Mechanical support.
Maintain and determine cell shape.
resist internal turgor pressure of cell.
control rate and direction of growth.
ultimately responsible for plant architecture and form.
regulate diffusion of material through the apoplast.
carbohydrate storage
protect against pathogens, dehydration, and other environmental factors.
source of biologically active signaling molecules.
cell-cell interactions.
Research Done with (Bio fuel, bio diesel, biomass)
Biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or to produce bio fuel, but also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers,chemicals, or heat. Secondary walls may help to reduce our dependence on petroleum, as they account for the bulk of renewable biomass that can be converted to fuel. Plant cell walls contain long chains of sugars (polysaccharides) that can be converted to transportation fuels such as ethanol, through fermentation of these sugars. Significant challenges for efficient conversion are presented by both the large number of enzymes required to hydrolyze diverse sugar linkages and the physical inaccessibility of these compounds to enzymes because other cell-wall components are present.
Genomics of Cellulosic Bio Fuels
Edward M. Rubin
US Department of Energy's Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research Program
University of California
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Abstract
Rubin gathers genomic information from across the biosphere, including potential energy crops and microorganisms able to break down biomass, which will be vital for improving the prospects of significant cellulosic biofuel production. Lignocellulosic biomass in the form of plant materials (for example, grasses, wood and crop residues) that offers the possibility of a renewable, geographically distributed and relatively greenhouse-gas-favorable source of sugars that can be converted to ethanol and other liquid fuels. Calculations of the productivity of lignocellulosic feed stocks, in part based on their ability to grow on marginal agricultural land, indicates that they can probably have a large impact on transportation needs without significantly compromising the land needed for food crop production. Bio diesel is derived from oil-producing plants and microbes. Oil-producing algae are also under active study as an alternative source for bio diesel production. One of the major advantages of algae is their growth in liquid, negating the issue of potential competition between food and energy crops for land use.
(by Noodle Tools)Link to Bibliography->>>
http://www.noodletools.com/noodlebib/mybib.php?printBib=1
The spacing below will not stay so I uploaded a version of word
Works Cited
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"Cover Illustration." Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America. 30 Sept. 2003. National Academy of Sciences.
26 Oct. 2008 <http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20.cover-expansion>.
Howard, Karen. "Plant Cell Walls." Complex Carbohydrate Research Center.
20 Aug. 2007. University of Georgia. 26 Oct. 2008
<http://www.ccrc.uga.edu/~mao/cellwall/main.htm>.
Rubin, Edward. "Genomics of Cellulosic Biofuels." Nature 454 (2008): 841-845.
Sengbusch, Peter. Cell Walls of Algae. 7 July 2003. 26 Oct. 2008
<http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e26/26d.htm>.
"Understanding Biomass: Plant Cell Walls ." Genomices: GTL. 29 Aug. 2006.
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. 26 Oct. 2008
<http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat2.shtml>.
"Xylanase." GMO Database. 14 Feb. 2008. 26 Oct. 2008 <http://www.gmo-
compass.org/eng/database/ enzymes/96.xylanase.html>.
ANNALEE'S MLA FOR PLANT CELL WALLS
"Apoplast." *Wikipedia*. 2008. 26 Oct 2008 <
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Apoplast>.
"NRi Research Highlights ." *National Research Initiative Competitive Grants
Program* February 2007 26 Oct 2008 <
http://www.csrees.usda.gov/ funding/nri/highlights/2007_ no3.pdf>.
"Plant Cell Wall Basics ." *Complex Carbohydrate Research Center* 26 Oct
2008 <http://www.ccrc.uga.edu/~mao/ intro/ouline.htm>.
"Plasmodesmata ." *Wikipedia *. 2008. 26 Oct 2008 <
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Plasmodesmata>.
"Symplast." *Wikipedia*. 2008. 26 Oct 2008 <
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Symplast>.